Impact of Inequality on Democracy

Impact of Inequality on Democracy Yannick Buitenhuis Inhoud Introduction Inequality r>g as a cause Limiting democracy. Conclusion Introduction Inequality is as old as mankind itself. Think of the difference between the Pharaoh versus the tomb builders; the Caesar versus the proletariat; the King and his nobles versus the peasants; The factory owners versus the labourers; and at the moment, between business(wo)men, CEO’s and (investments) bankers versus lower-income jobs. There has always been some sort of inequality. But how does this inequality between people emerge in the society of our modern history and how will it develop in the future? Capital in the Twenty-first Century by Thomas Piketty, both being praised as being criticised, focuses on this subject of growing inequality between people in our newest century and depicts the origin of this inequality since the beginning of the industrial Revolution. Piketty looks at the outcomes of the modern economical system and attempts to answer different questions considering this and the global dynamics of the distribution of income and wealth on the basis of historical and comparative data, and a theoretical framework (The Economist, 2014; Piketty, 2014, p. 8). Piketty’s outcomes resulted in the following question: Why does inequality grow and how can it affect democracy during the beginning of the twenty-first century? First of all, inequality is discussed and a personal opinion on the subject is given. Subsequently, this paper discussed the work of Piketty on the basis of the introduction of his book. And as last, the relationship between the outcomes of Piketty’s work and the future of democracy is discussed. This all resulted in a conclusion, which links back to the central question. Inequality As mentioned earlier, inequality is not new in our world, and it will not fully disappear. A world without inequality is a utopian view. Inequality can only increase or decrease, but if it becomes centrifugal in one direction, then it becomes a problem and the cause of others. Inequality does not only have an economical dimension, and inequality in these different dimensions can go hand in hand. Economic inequality can for instance lead to other forms of inequality, like social inequality, inequality in opportunity or health. Furthermore, it can come hand in hand with psychological effects (Judge Paterson, 2001, p.6; Scanlon, 2014; Wilkinson, 2011). Other factors that come into play with inequality are the power relations between different actors (Flint Taylor, 2011, pp. 28-32, 40-41). Scanlon (2014) argues that wealthy people in a society where wealth is unequally distributed often end up in control of many aspects of the lives of poorer people. He gives an example of how ownership of a public media outlet can give control over the view of people about themselves, others and society. In the words of Jean Daudrillard, a hyperreality can be created in which one can create an image of the reality for others (Valkenberg, 2012, p. 53). But this can also be applied to the creation of opportunity. Thus, inequality can give some people an undesirable degree of control over others. Inequality is already something in itself, but it makes a difference if this inequality is justified or not. But how and when do you qualify inequality as justified? And where do you draw the boundary between justified or unjustified? This does not have to discourage. Wilkinson (2011) reasons that our mutual inequality and in which interrelation we stand against each other are key factors determining the average wellbeing of societies. So, to strive for less inequality in our society is a noble goal. But how and why does this inequality grows? To find an answer the work of Piketty will be consulted. r>g as a cause Piketty takes a new path with his work concerning economics and the question about unequal wealth distribution among people in societies and its evolution over the long term since the nineteenth century. He uses a clear and logical way of reasoning which is based on a large database, clarified in his introduction. This section will discuss Piketty’s work. The discussion will focus around his findings, and mainly on his idea of r>g. A remark must be made: the discussion limits itself to the introduction of the book, so not his whole work will be discussed. Piketty (2014, pp. 9-12) looks at a longer time span and different time periods to find developments in history. Thereby, he finds some vital insight in two principles of David Ricardo and Karl Marx to understand the twenty-first century. This insight contributes to the acknowledgement of two types of forces, those of convergence and those of divergence. The forces of convergence can become overwhelmed by forces of divergence, pushing towards greater inequality. The most destabilizing forces of divergence are the ones related with the process of accumulation and concentration of wealth when growth (g) is weak and the return on capital (r) high. Piketty formulates this in a short ‘formula’ which makes the situation synoptic: r>g. A situation where risk of divergence is high, because inherited wealth will grow faster than output and income and the concentration of capital can reach extremely high levels (Piketty, 2014, pp. 20-23). This all leads to greater inequality, which can reach levels â€Å"incompatible with the meritocratic values and principles of social justice fundamental to modern democratic societies† (Piketty, 2014, p. 23) contradicting the work of Simon Kuznets and his Kuznets curve, an idea that has long dominated economists (Piketty, 2014, pp. 12-15). Limiting democracy Previously addressed by Piketty was that: inequality can reach levels incompatible with our democracy. But Piketty does not give attention to this relation in his introduction. In this part, the relation between Piketty’s outcomes and the future of democracy will be discussed. How can growing inequality affect democracy? In my opinion, democracy can certainly be affected by growing inequality between people. First, when too much inequality arises can mean that lot of social-economic conflict will stay in the social order. This will be politically expressed in a continuous struggle to eradicate the felt political deficit. Democracy in a fast changing society asks for continuous energy to keep democracy with the current demands. This cannot be reached, because the conflicts are constantly demanding time to be removed. Secondly, in relation with the first point, growing inequality, its social-economic conflicts and the felt political deficit can result in discontent, loss of faith and disillusionment under (a growing group of) people (Caryl, 2014). Democracy cannot fully function without a majority supporting it and its policies. A demand of change will be dominate the public opinion. In a certain way it can be seen as a pendulum, it cannot keep going in one direction, at a certain point it needs to swing back. Thus, in my eyes, democracy cannot work in its optima forma during a time of growing inequality. Conclusion First of all, inequality is not new, but its level can change over time because of forces of convergence and divergence. It is not limited to one dimension and these dimensions of inequality can sometimes go hand in hand. A certain relation between inequality and power relations was also found, possibly resulting in uneven control. The question that was asked in the introduction was as follow: Why does inequality grow and how can it affect democracy during the beginning of the twenty-first century? During the discussion of Piketty’s work the cause of growing inequality during the beginning of the twenty-first century was found. Piketty showed with his idea of r>g that in a time with slow growth and the return on capital high, inherited wealth grows faster than output and income, resulting in more inequality. So, rich people can get even more rich and faster than people with a lesser fortune. As last, democracy cannot work properly when inequality keeps growing. First, because the social-economic conflicts resulting from inequality demand time to be remove, so less time can be spend on the current and changing demands of democracy. Secondly, discontent, loss of faith and disillusionment in the current democracy can prevail under people, resulting in less support and a demand for change. So, resulting from this, one could argue that when inequality in the twenty-first century keeps growing, the current democratic system comes to stand under pressure. References Caryl, C. (2014), Economist Debates Democracy: are worries about the health of democracy today overblown? http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/1055. Last used on: 21 September 2014. Economist, The (2014), The Economist explains: Thomas Piketty’s â€Å"Capital†, summarised in four paragraphs. http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2014/05/economist-explains. Last used on: 18 September, 2014. Flint, C. Taylor, P. (2011), Political Geography: World-Economy, Nation-State and Locality. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Sixth Edition. pp. 28-44. Judge, K. Paterson, I. (2001), Poverty, Income Inequality and Health. Treasury Working Paper Series 1 (29), pp. 1-64. Leeds Gate (2013), Climbing the social ladder – how about even being on the ladder? http://www.leedsgate.co.uk/2013/11/18/climbing-the-social-ladder-how-about-even-being-on-the-ladder/. Last used on: 18 September, 2014. Piketty, T. (2014), Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of the Harvard University. pp. 8-22. Scanlon, T.M. (2014), The 4 Biggest Reasons Why Inequality is Bad for Society. http://ideas.ted.com/2014/06/03/the-4-biggest-reasons-why-inequality-is-bad-for-society/. Last used on: 21 September 2014. Valkenberg, S. (2012), De 20 Beste Ideeà «n van de Filosofie. Filosofie Magazine 20(7-8), pp. 27-57. Wilkinson, R. (2011), How Economic Inequality Harms Societies. https://www.ted.com/talks/richard_wilkinson. Last used on: 21 September 2014. 1

Impacts Of Urbanization :: essays research papers

Many villagers and small town dwellers want a living in big cities. With some expectations, they make a movement from villages to big cities. This migration from rural areas to big cities is called urbanization. There are two kinds of factors why rural people seek for urban life. The first one is urban pull factor. They dream for higher wages, better housing and utilities, better school and hospital, more jobs opportunity, and more experience that they can get it all from a living in big cities as they think. The second one is urban push factor. We know that most of rural areas people are farmers. There’,s not much else to do anymore in the village but wait for harvest time and without higher level of education, availability of media, or facilities that they need, they might be stimulated to move to urban areas. But after they reached what they called their dreamland, most of them must face more problems than what they had when they lived in villages. They will face some problems because of their insufficient abilities, experience, education, and skills those are needed for a good living in big cities. For instance, they can’,t provide housing or maybe they can’,t find any job. And then they just stranded with the option of staying in cities or coming back home. As the result of urbanization, cities have more problems to overcome such as pollution, overpopulation, drug abuse, congestion, crime, poverty, traffic jam, slum areas, and many more. There must be something to solve these problems. Government and citizens should be involved because taking care of city problems can’,t be done entirely by government. The community can be even more successful because it deals directly with problem areas. As the solution to solve those problems government can provide housing, create a new regulation transmigration program, provide skills training program, or start to develop in rural areas. Impacts Of Urbanization :: essays research papers Many villagers and small town dwellers want a living in big cities. With some expectations, they make a movement from villages to big cities. This migration from rural areas to big cities is called urbanization. There are two kinds of factors why rural people seek for urban life. The first one is urban pull factor. They dream for higher wages, better housing and utilities, better school and hospital, more jobs opportunity, and more experience that they can get it all from a living in big cities as they think. The second one is urban push factor. We know that most of rural areas people are farmers. There’,s not much else to do anymore in the village but wait for harvest time and without higher level of education, availability of media, or facilities that they need, they might be stimulated to move to urban areas. But after they reached what they called their dreamland, most of them must face more problems than what they had when they lived in villages. They will face some problems because of their insufficient abilities, experience, education, and skills those are needed for a good living in big cities. For instance, they can’,t provide housing or maybe they can’,t find any job. And then they just stranded with the option of staying in cities or coming back home. As the result of urbanization, cities have more problems to overcome such as pollution, overpopulation, drug abuse, congestion, crime, poverty, traffic jam, slum areas, and many more. There must be something to solve these problems. Government and citizens should be involved because taking care of city problems can’,t be done entirely by government. The community can be even more successful because it deals directly with problem areas. As the solution to solve those problems government can provide housing, create a new regulation transmigration program, provide skills training program, or start to develop in rural areas.

Nuclear Weapon and High Quality Essay Essay

Writing an essay can be a daunting task for both teachers and students in terms of creating and crafting a high quality essay, and finally editing and grading them. It seems though we may have overlooked one of the toughest steps in writing an essay and that is actually selecting an appropriate and interesting topic for your students. Thankfully I have put together a list of 25 great essay topics that might just make that process a little easier. Enjoy. And remember to add any other great suggestions in the comment section below. 1. Zoos are sometimes seen as necessary but not poor alternatives to a natural environment. Discuss some of the arguments for and/or against keeping animals in zoos. 2. Imagine that your teacher wants to teach a new subject for the next few weeks. Your teacher will take suggestions, and then let the students vote on the new subject. What subject should your class choose? Write an essay to support your choice and to persuade the other students to vote for your choice. 3. Are actors and professional athletes paid too much? 4. Should teachers have to wear uniforms or have a dress code? 5. Since the invention of nuclear weapons we have had a long period of GLOBAL peace and stability. Are nuclear weapons global peacemakers or killing devices? 6. Should boys and girls be in separate classes? 7. Is the death penalty effective? 8. To what extent is the use of animals in scientific research acceptable? 9. What age is appropriate for dating? 10. Pretend you woke up one day and there were no rules. People could suddenly do whatever they wanted! Explain what the world would be like. Use your imagination! 11. Should student’s textbooks be replaced by notebook computers? 12. Should students be allowed to have cell phones in elementary and high schools? 13. Should wealthy nations be required to share their wealth among poorer nations? 14. Should money be spent on space exploration? 15. Is fashion important? 16. Are we too dependent on computers? 17. If you had the opportunity to bring any person — past or present, fictional or nonfictional — to a place that is special to you (your hometown or country, a favourite location, etc.), who would you bring and why? Tell us what you would share with that person 18. Most high level jobs are done by men. Should the government encourage a certain percentage of these jobs to be reserved for women? 19. Should students be allowed to grade their teachers? 20. In your opinion what factors contribute to a good movie? 21. The destruction of the world’s forests is inevitable as our need for land and food grows. Do you agree? 22. Many parents give their children certain chores or tasks to do at home. Should children have to do chores or tasks at home? Be sure to explain why you think it is a good idea or a bad idea. Include examples to support your reasons. 23. Should the voting age be lowered to thirteen?  24. Should the government place a tax on junk food and fatty snacks? 25. Should more be done to protect and preserve endangered animals?

A Brief Note On Privacy And Information Technology

Nikolay Solovyev Privacy in Information technology. Throughout this this class and our previous class we learned about ethics and information technology. Well privacy plays a big part in information technology. How it should be done, how some should act, and what is right and what is wrong. Before jumping into the topic, I think it is beneficial to define some of main term. â€Å"Privacy is the right to be left alone and free from surveillance and unreasonable personal intrusion. On the other hand Information privacy is the right to determine when and to what extent information about oneself can be communicated to others.† Some of the topics that could potentially regulate privacy are: healthcare, criminal justice, finances,†¦show more content†¦If the doctor has to refer his patient to a specialized doctor, instead of sending a written letter, he does it through the web, to expedite the process. Doctor can possibly use the web to clarify and reveal accurate information to his patient. But, with all this comes pat ient privacy and security; if everything is available on the web, then pretty much any individual has access to it that is why it is important to properly secure and protect all of the information, so it does not get in the wrong hand. Properly maintaining and securing patient record is required by law. If it is not done correctly, or information gets leaked, organization might get fined and/or suspended until they fix the problem. Also if patient records have been broken into, or any information has been stolen, organization supposed to report it right away. Criminal justice – People get arrested every day, whether it is a small or big crime, it always stays on the system. Unless you are part of the law enforcement or a potential employer who is trying to hire a brand new employer, you do not need to know if the person has any prior record. There are caveats like: if you are child molester then you should be registered as an offender, so people in the neighborhood are aware and keep a close look out for their children, beside that a basic person should not have a reason to view your criminal record. That is why it is important toShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Information Technology And The Healthcare Industry1452 Words   |  6 PagesIMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTHCARE. Jude Alumuku, SEIS 605-07 Alum0001@stthomas.edu I. Introduction. II. Background Information A. What is Information Technology B. Information technology and the healthcare industry. C. Facts about Information technology and its application in Healthcare 1.0 Strategic Analysis – Industry. 1.1 Strategic Analysis – Competition III. Healthcare Information Technology Adoption, Quality and Costs IV. Problems With health Information technology V. 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This â€Å"easy access† of patient information has madeRead MoreThe Relationship Between Privacy And Security1531 Words   |  7 Pages 1) What is the relationship between privacy and security? Explain your answer using an example. (15 points) It is best to define what privacy and security are first before we can discuss the relationship between the two. Privacy is a concept, which applies to an individual. It deals with the individual’s right to be protected from unauthorized access to his/her personal data. On the other hand, security deals with the procedures of information being protected from misuse. This includes computer-based

Analysis Of Ken Bain s What The Best College Students

While reading Ken Bain’s book â€Å"What the Best College Students Do† of the five different types of students he describes, I feel like I fall under the label of one having mediocre grades but achieving success. I make good grades, however I do not necessarily believe my grades always reflect my hard work, determination and effort put in, similar to his theory on false hope in standardized testing. Throughout my school career, I have consistently made A and B grades. I can remember only one C grade, which was a quarter grade, and very disappointing, but a lesson learned. At the same time though, and as Bain helped me realize through his text, grades are not everything and making a C is not something that is going to kill me; there is simply more to school than a letter grade. In fact he points out through most of the 1800s schools only used two grades, pass or fail. As seen nowadays, schools have since adopted the letter grade system. As a college freshman, I have a fear not being prepared for the level of classes, realizing that everyone is smart and pretty much on the same level. The pressure to maintain good grades is at times overwhelming but it helps to incorporate good organization and time management skills. Luckily my first semester schedule was one that worked and gave me an opportunity to adjust to college life. High school was so structured and time consuming with the day packed from early morning to late afternoon, with few downtime windows. For me, having extraShow MoreRelatedBenifits of Language5821 Words   |  24 Pagesadjustment of thought. Students talking together provide for input and listening. Students often have to assess the thoughts/ideas of peers, determine whether they â€Å"fit† their own, whether they disagree, or partially agree. Students have an opportunity to speak their ideas/thoughts for better formulation. 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Essay on Magnificent Minds of the Renaissance - 1120 Words

Magnificent Minds of the Renaissance The renaissance era of the 1500s was a time of artistic, philosophic, and scientific wonder and inspiration. Several new discoveries were made in the areas of science, and assumptions on the world and universe around them were expressed by philosophers. Many individuals had been gifted with artistic creativity and skill. The astonishing achievements of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael are considered momentous to the Renaissance period. In this paper, I will talk about the endeavors and achievements of these three amazing Renaissance men. Born April 15, 1452 in the small Tuscan town of Anchiano to Ser Piero, a wealthy Florentine and Caterina, a peasant woman, Leonardo enjoyed a very†¦show more content†¦(qtd. Encyclopedia Britannica n.pag.). Leonardo created six pieces during his stay in Milan. The most famous of all his paintings, The Last Supper, depicts Jesus with his 12 Apostles during Passover the moment that he reveals that one of them will betray him (Encyclopedia Britannica n.pag.). Unfortunately, by the beginning of the 16th century, the painting began to show deterioration due to the failed technique that Leonardo had developed called tempra. Several attempts were made over the centuries to restore the piece but were unsuccessful until modern restoration techniques were applied after World War II. Restoration of this piece was completed in 1999 but very little of the original painting remains (Encyclopedia Britannica n.pag.). Leonardo based his scientific theories on careful observation and precise documentation. Sadly, is treatises (writings) on several scientific subjects were never completed. The notebooks in which he kept his theories logged, were written in a mirror script. This made it difficult for his work to be deciphered during his lifetime. His scientific findings would have revolutionized science of the 16th century had his work been published (Encyclopedia Britannica n.pag.). Leonardo anticipated discoveries of the modern times. Leonardo spent his last years at the Chà ¢teau de Cloux, near Amboise, where he died and was buried in the palace churchShow MoreRelated Magnificent Minds Of The Renaissance in Europe Essay856 Words   |  4 Pages The high renaissance of the 1500s was a time of scientific, philosophic, and artistic awe and inspiration. Many new discoveries were being made in the field of science, and philosophers expressed their assumptions on the world and universe around them. In addition, many individuals were gifted with artistic dexterity and skill. The amazing achievements of Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci are considered significant to the Renaissance period. 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Impact of 4D Modeling On Construction Planning

Question: Discuss about 4D simulation, clearly indicating estimated activity costs and duration as a text overlay. Also, highlight procedure for identifying and resolving clashes? Answer: Introduction The Chapter presents the background for the entire study to clarify and focus on the problem of the study and the possible description and the other research questions that are stated as the conclusion of the report. The construction report of the industries offers great deal to all the project teams. It also delivers all the construction projects that are the best and suited for the customers in all respects. These projects increase the number of the participants that makes the requirement much more effective with a better communication proceeds better and prominent results (Allen and Smallwood, 2008). According to the UK Industry all the performance management team that constructs the project effectively is completed by the number of projects that are being done on time. There are different gaps that are found on different construction areas along with different process that are without collaboration and knowledge (Bryman, 2004). The entire system usually maintains an inconsistency among the constructive phase and the process that involves planning and execution at the same time irrespective of the time and space that is allocated to the other devices that are quite visible in the entire research. The above report outlines all the concepts that are involved in this chapter. Literature Review Construction Planning plays an important role for the development of the construction industry to a huge extent. The process involves several tracing results that identify the sequences of the events that differs the results to a huge extent. The Job is quite challenging for the planner and figures out the construction outcome that are not possible to be observed and completed (Andersson and Christensen, 2007). The nature of the complexities and the uncertainties that are put together to intricate all the challenges that is required for the establishment of the planning process and at the same time points out all the important factors that are planned effectively for the early stages of the project to specify all the errors that are the best solutions to assign all the tasks that are for the correct people and to apply the same technique at the same time and further enhance all the success percentage of the project. The construction planning process helps the start of the constructio n phase and the other consideration that is taken into account during the project life cycle that requires the process of planning and the steps that are quite effective and has a proper limit for all the problems and their consequences that have risen. The aim of the planning process generates all the planning associates that identifies all the essential lead projects that have their final outcomes in all respects, The planners also have to go through all the implementations and sequences that impacts the other various activities and evaluation process from the other projects on can make all the decisions that that are quite beneficial and in other words these are the construction planning process that uses all the resources that are easily allocated to the participants as the ones that are interacted among them and at the same time identified effectively (Levitt et al. 2009). Methodology The two approaches that are involved in the above research relate all the practices that are both deductive and inductive at the same time. The method that is used in this research involves the reviews and the analyses that is taken from the existing theories from the entire research we have even used and derived the hypothesis along with the validation that uses the empirical formula and the other specifications that are used to analyze it effectively and at the same time helps them to validate the other methods and data that are used in this process to makes sure that all the constraints are effective in their position along with the positive vibrant that allows the user to makes sure that all the methods are kept at a specific place to undergo several function that are effectively mentioned in the above project for the specification requirements and the other important prospects (Heesom and Mahdjoubi, 2004). The other variants that are used in this project involves the prospects o f Topic selection and Focus, Design Study, Collect Data and the other sections that are Findings and the other interpretation and analysis that can be effectively found and analyzed in the methodology section. Analysis The most significant benefits of the modeling process is to provide all the variant visualization that are used in the construction working and the one that that is not possible for achieving all with the help of 2D documents and drawings like the liner scheduling and the Gantt chart for enabling the planners and at the same time to detect all the clashes and conflicts that are in the phase of construction and for the process that are used in planning (Hendrickson, 2000). As through the case studies that are mentioned above one can easily fiure out the zero conflicts by implementing the modeling process that ranges from around 100 to 200 with the use of traditional planning process and the other case studies that have around 400 clashes and errors in all respects and are also found before the start of the construction phase to adopt the 4D modeling and the other indicators that are quite effective for the adoption of the 4D modeling so that it can easily play the critical role that a re involved in the planning process. The other case studies also implement the 4D modeling and the other prospects that are implemented of 4D modeling that helps in better visualization of the construction work that enhances the planning process and also selects the clashes and conflicts of the visualization of the construction work that needs to be planned and incorporated into the safety concerns of the complex projects that are also mentioned in the above case study (Jongeling and Olofsson, 2007). The process of modeling also allows the team to generate the comprehensive and precise work that will be much more difficult to achieve the traditional planning process and the other project team that can easily achieve the accurate plan with the help of the modeling process that is utilized above. Conclusion The entire research revealed the 4D planning process that acts as the most promising tool that is used for construction planning and at the same time highlights all the modeling process that are discovered to achieve the traditional planning methods that are used in this case study. The most significant benefits that are found in 4D modeling are to get a better visualization of the construction work and the other better communication structures that are found in the project teams for increasing the efficiency of the planning process and the other aspects of 4D modeling that assists in achieving all the accurate and detailed work plans that includes the planning of temporary structures, managing site logistics and other quantity take offs that are important for the entire research. With the help of better communication and visualization the planner plans the team according to the client and achieves better understanding of the project along with its objectives that would eventually im prove the construction planning and the execution process that significantly leads the success of the project. Hence we can easily state that the project provides reliable and detailed plan that obtains and assists the project to be completed within the provided time and budget. References Allen, C., Smallwood, J. (2008). Improving construction planning through 4D planning.Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology , 6 (1), 7à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 20. Andersson, N., Christensen, K. (2007). Retrieved March 07, 2012, from Practical implications Bryman, A. (2004). Social Reseach Methods. Oxford University Press. BuildingSMART. (2010). Constructing the business case: Building information modelling.London: British Standards Institution. Chachere, J., Kunz, J., Levitt, R. (2009). The role of reduced latency in Integrated Concurrent Engineering. Stanford: CIFE. Dawood, N., Sikka, S. (2008). tool, Measuring the effectiveness of 4D planning as avaluable communication. ITcon , 13, 620à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 636. Dawood, N., Sikka, S. (2004). Visual 4D planning in the UK construction industry. RetrievedFebruary 13, 2012, from Digital library of construction informatics:https://itc.scix.net/data/works/att/bbb3.content.02753.pdf Heesom, D., Mahdjoubi, L. (2004). Trends of 4D CAD applications for constructionplanning. Construction Management and Economics , 22, 171182. Hendrickson, C. (2000). Project Management for Constructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Fundamental Concepts forOwners, Engineers, Architects and Builders. Retrieved February 27, 2012, fromhttps://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/09_Construction_Planning.html Jianping, Z., Yang, Z., Zhenzong, H., Ming, L. (2008). Construction Management Utilizing 4DCAD and Operations Simulation Methodologies. Tsinghua Science and Technology ,13 (S1), 241à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 247. Jongeling, R., Olofsson, T. (2007). A method for planning of workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ flow by combined use oflocationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based scheduling and 4D CAD. Automation in Construction , 16, 189198.