Licensure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Licensure - Essay Example According to Guido (2014), the scope of registered nurses is outlined by the Nursing Practice Act (NPA). For this reason, it is necessary for nurses to be aware of various clauses documented in the NPA because they indicate the scope of their activities. Of more importance, the regulations also stipulate factors that determine the working conditions for nurses (Bae, 2012). Nurses should also be aware of the implications of the violating the NPA policies. Like in other professions guided by standard practices, nurses are subjected to varying forms of punishment in the event of violating NPA. According to NCSBN (2011), incidences of malpractices violating the NPA are reported to the Boards of Nursing (BON) in the respective jurisdictions. Investigations into the concerned issues are done, and convicted nurses are subjected to legal prosecution process. Therefore, nurses should be aware that their licensures can be questioned or even revoked following the violations of NPA. Lastly, licensed nurses should be aware that they can perform activities beyond their scope of RN practice. According to Guido (2014), nurses can perform activities beyond their scope based on standards developed by the nursing, medicine and administration. In addition, nurses should be aware that additional factors such as status of healthcare administration can affect their effectiveness in service delivery (Auerbach, Staiger, Muench & Buerhaus, 2012). In conclusion, nurses should be aware of various factors affecting their licensures. In particular, nurses are subjected to various regulations that oversee the quality of their services. In addition, nurses are given additional mandates, such as healthcare administration and performance of activities beyond their usual scope after being licensed. Auerbach, D. I., Staiger, D. O., Muench, U., &

Allied Irish Bank SWOT Analysis and Strategic Evaluation

Allied Irish Bank SWOT Analysis and Strategic Evaluation Allied Irish Bank performed the Market Entry Strategy to expand their business size. Stated below is the brief of their strategic evaluation in the aspect of suitability feasibility acceptable. Suitability Build on/exploit strengths In the late 1990s and early/mid-2000s, and capitalized on the buoyant housing market, booming business banking profits and much lower write-offs than in previous years, such profitability and growth have had a significant positive effect on the Irish Economy. That helps AIB having good capital base for future market development such merging. Shape Managements sense in the company, they clearly realized that internationalization is a good way for business expansion. Good/tailored services to be provided by the company towards customers, it can be helpful for the business penetrating into the market. Simultaneously, they are easily winning the reputation too. Good experiences in managing banking business, that helps the company to control over the new merging company. Overcome/avoid weaknesses Cultural Difference the company cant fully twin their culture to other countries, as easy to generate other contingencies problems. Complicated organizations chart caused human resources problems, like salary expenditure increased, hard to manage†¦. Exploit/Develop Opportunity Economy Growth in East Asia, that creates new opportunities for the company. Through Merging, obtaining the other customer base, co-efficient is expected. Counteract/avoid threats The other countrys government may not allow foreigner to obtain national bank and may set some restriction as a barrier. Expanding too fast may cause lack of capital if the business is running not as good as expected. Feasibility From 1966 to the end of 2005, the assets of $323.8 jumping up to 133 bn. Employee 24000 people and 750 offices now, that proved the company is profitable, emerged in the obvious capital gain and more employee needed Acceptability As the company asset built up rapidly, no wonder the companys price in stock market will be going up as well. That can fulfill the stakeholder needed. The company becomes biggest bank in Irish and gradually penetrate into other market and seems grow healthy. Stakeholder should also satisfies for the continually grow. Never heard that the company has any news about layoff, so assuming that the companys finance is good and staff is working stably. As company focused on the tailored service, their customers loyal should even be higher. Page 4 of 12 Subject : Strategic Management Name of Student : Chan Sheung Ming Student ID#2102 5544 Section A : Question 2 Here is the Strategic Development Plan of Allied Irish Bank (2007 2012) Background of the Company Allied Irish Banks (AIB) was structured in 1966, they brought together with the three distinctive Irish Traditional Banking companies: the Provincial Bank in 1825 the Royal Bank, eleven years later for mercantile links; the Munster Leinster that was formed in 1885, considered as the largest banks with the most large scale of branch network During that moment, the alliance was thinking out a best way to overcome the fragmented nature of the Irish banking industry. Hence in the middle of 1960s Ireland was changing fast and the merger had strengthened the position of the bank in the developing global business era. Over the decades, the company had showed an increasing expansion in the global arena, from its establishment of branch network in Britain during 1970s to its investment in the USA during 1980s Four decades since its establishments, it and be said that AIB has a dynamic and successful organization. As a result, in 1966, AIB had showed aggregate assets of Є323.8 million that had grown to Є133 billion AIB Groups is considered as the leading banking and financial services organization in Ireland that operates principally in Ireland, Britain, Poland and the USA. It has more than 24,000 employees word wide in more than 750 offices . It has four main divisions: AIB Bank (Republic of Ireland); AIB Bank AIB Capital Market; and Poland. SWOT Analysis (S)trengths Strong position in the home market; Good Image of the organization to the home market and other countries; Specializes in straight forward approach banking; Relationship oriented approach. (W)eaknesses Do not have enough knowledge and experience towards global banking; Not willing to take the risks; Afraid to jump to the bandwagon of internalization. (O)pportunities Blooming domestic economy; Large increases in the credit growth in 1990s and mid-2000s; Development of non-traditional bank; Trends towards international banking market; Exploit the Irish ethnic market in the UK; Access to Asian market; Merging and acquisition. (T)hreats Growing number of competition; Competition from businesses or banks that are offering e-banking. The SWOT analysis of AIB which pertains on the different characteristics or attributes of the organization as well as the external environment that can affect the entire decision-making process of AIB. The strength of the company focuses on its strong position in the home market. Thus, it enables the company to have a good image in other countries where in it also offers their services. In addition, the company also specialized in straightforward banking approach and relationship oriented approach where in it is considered as their primary advantage towards their relationship with the customers. The said aspect is the reason why AIB was voted as Britains greatest bank. On the other hand, the weaknesses of AIB focuses on its immaturity n terms of international banking, or lack of much knowledge in management in distance. The most visible example is their withdrawal from the Singaporean market. As a result, the company no longer has interests in taking the risks in other important markets in Asia, primarily in China. There are different opportunities that can be exploited by the company in order to improve and expand. First is the blooming domestic economy as well as the large increase in the credit growth during 1990s and mid-2000s. In addition, there is also a growing trend towards non-traditional banking or e-banking. This is due to the massive impact of the Internet. Thus, it is important to consider that in terms of emerging markets, the leaders in e-banking are found in Asia, and Singapore is considered as the primary e-banking customers, garnering 5% ( 2001). Thus, it shows that it will be important to focus on the Asian market, primarily in China, that is facing fast growth in terms of economic aspects. This can be done by the process of merging and acquisition. The major threat for the company focuses on the growing number of competitors in the industry, particularly those banks that are offering e-banking features and services. Mission The mission of Allied Irish Bank is to strengthen both domestic and international performance and position in the market of the bank. Objectives The following are the objectives of AIB: To maintain the competitive advantage of the company; To expand the size and branches of AIB in different part of the world; To promote efficiency, stability and effectiveness of AIB banking system; and To meet the changing demands, needs and preferences of the people towards their banking experiences. Strategies The Ansoff Growth Matrix is a tool that is used in order for a business to decide regarding their product and market growth strategy. It suggests that a business ability to grow depends on whether it markets new or existing products in a new or existing market (2007). The strategy of AIB will focus on Market development or offering the same product to a new market. This is important due to the growing influence of globalization to the banking system, thus going global is one of the most important way of expansion of size that will help to increase profits. In the case of AIB, the company had been able to apply new technologies including the Internet in their services, thats why it will be important for them to explore and exploit other nations or markets, particularly China. This is due to the continuous growth of Chinese economy. However, alongside with the said strategy, it will also be important to focus on improvement of the core banking system, together with the human resource management. Recommendations The following are the recommended strategies: Improvement of the System Application of Information System and IT in an organization is one of the most important actions that can be done by the organization due to the fact that it can help them to manage all of the data and information that are important and use it in the process of decision making. That is why it will be important to focus on application of core banking system that will give way for future enhancement or changes in the internal and external aspects of the company. In order to support the growth plans from 2007 2012, improve AIBs speed to market for new product introduction as well as to provide greater back-office integration, it is important to make a move to transform the core banking system by using packaged banking application that will ensure scalability, performance as well as reliability. This is important due to the growing competition, where in all of the major players in the world of banking are looking for innovative ways to modernize and improve their core systems that can help to reduce the operational costs by changing the massive server farms to a more flexible as well as efficient systems ( 2007). This strategy will focus on the product development, where in it will focus on the initiative of the company to offer new products. By doing this, it will enable AIB to gain competitive advantage by means of offering differentiate products or services towards the customers. As of now, more and more people are becoming aware of the security issues regarding their money, thus the technological advancement of a bank can affect the image of the brand, thus will help to create a feeling of security for the clients. Development of Centralized HR Activities It is important to consider that AIBs human resource management as the companys strengths due to its ability to motivates the employees, particularly the managers to work at their bests, as well as to communicate and relate to the customers in order to give what they needs and want to understand. However, the company is having difficulty in managing in a distance. This is due to the different issues, primarily culture and tradition. It is important to consider that culture plays an important role in the process of motivating employees. It will be important for AIB to apply international standards or principles, however it is important to know that people from other country, primarily Asia, has a different perspective and understanding towards several things, specially in terms of management that are related to leadership styles and approach. This also goes the same as the clients of the company. There are different characteristics between their client from the US and Asia. The said f actors must be considered in order to ensure that all of the rules, regulations as well as policies will meet the expectations and needs of all the stakeholders that are involved in the entire process of the company. This strategy will help the company to have a good customer relationship that will help to strengthen their connection with the customers. The said aspect is very important due to the fact that the attitudes, behaviors and knowledge of the employees, specially the branch managers and front personnel can affect the perception of the clients towards the bank. If the employees or personnel were knowledgeable enough, they will be able to answer the queries of the clients; therefore, it can help to build up trust, and later on strong and long lasting relationship. Expansion to Asian Market, Particularly in China As of now, Asia is considered as one of the most profitable on a pre-tax return on asset basis. As a matter of fact, the report of BCG in 2007 showed that the wealth managers in the Asia-Pacific reported a median pre-tax margin of about 45.5% during 2006 that beats the overall global profitability of 34.7%. As a result, the industry is expected to continue to growth to about 20% to 30% a year, together with the increasing number of well-heeled individuals as well as greater awareness regarding shifting of cash in the banks (2008). The improving and booming economy of China has been accompanies by the fast-growing banking sector of the country. It has been showed that by the end of 2007, the total assets of banking sector of China had reached a total of 52.3 trillion, showing a great annual growth of 17.4% from 2003 2007. The banking industry in the country is considered as the primary provider for capital of about 80% of the non-financial enterprises fundraisings in the most populous nations in the world as well as the fastest growing major economies ( 2008). This strategy will help the company to expand to a vast market, particularly China, due to the development of its economy. Section B: Turn Around Management in Marks Spencer Background of the Company Marks and Spencer emerged as one of the largest retail companies in the world that had become a limited company in 1903 in Manchester, Britain ( 2006) Marks and Spencer plc is the largest retailer in the UK. It has 300 company-owned stores, with more than 68,000 employees around the world that sell clothing, footwear, gifts, home furnishing and food to more than 13 million shoppers. Most of the products being sold under the private label St Michael brand ( 2006 (. In addition, the company also owns and operates more than 100 stores in different part of the world such as Europe, Hong Kong and Canada. There are more than 85 franchise stores of the company that can be found in Europe, Far East, Australia, the Middle East, the Bahamas and Bermunda . MS owns the Brooks Brother, its chain of store of mens clothing that has more than 170 units in Japan as well as the US. In addition, MS also owns 20 stores of King Super Markets grocery store chain in New Jersey Causes and Symptoms of Decline It is important to consider that the primary cause of any decline in profitability is bad management. This is because if management were enough and applicable in the process of tracking the success of the companys products and changes that are likely to take place in their respective markets, and if the company is taking the correct actions, then profits would not decline. However, as such success would require omniscience; even the most systematic managers will make mistakes (1996.) Poor Management All of the problems start at the top, thats why poor management is often the primary reason to the decline in profitability. This is due to the fact that those personnel or people that are responsible for the different operations of the company are making wrong decisions regarding the specific strategic decisions that are being made or even to the personnel that are being employed in order to implement the said decision ( 1996, ). In 2002, , a Belgian executive who is responsible in the turn around of MS, that causes the company to report a four consecutive increase in terms of sales, hand over to Roger Holmes, considered one of the youngest chief executives of blue-chip Brits companies (2002). The said event is considered as one of the primary reason for the decline of MS, due to mismanagement by the CEO. Most of the senior and middle management reported that they are disappointed with the lack of progress, due to leadership problems of Holmes such as being to nice, taking too long to make decisions and lacking relevant in terms of experience. Another cause of decline of MS is the complicated structure where in beyond the main board was an operating committee with 19 members. The said aspect is due to the fact that CEO was not that familiar with the core products of the company. Financial Control It is also important to include that poor financial control is a common cause of falling profitability due to poor budgetary control, inadequate costing system as well as the inability to monitor as well as control cash (1996). In the cause of MS, Holmes believes that throwing more money at the problem can be the best way to boost profits. This can be seen in the massive actions of the company which involves acceleration of transformation of the business by firing employees, and development of stores and other line of products ( 2004). Marketing Efforts Lack of trust from the customers is considered as one of the causes as well as symptoms of decline. This has been one of the primary problems of the company. Customers had complained that the trust had been damaged, due to the fact that the company was already offering low-quality products. In addition o that, the company had a problem regarding their innovation process, which is considered as very important aspect in any company. Production and Operations The fallen quality of the product is one of the primary aspects that focus on the production and operations aspects of the company. In MS, it was due to poor labor relations of the upper management. Environmental Factors The changing demands, tastes preferences and needs of the customers are the primary factors that can affect any company. However, in the case of MS, the company did not focus on strategies that will help them to meet the said change. The said aspect is important because it can greatly affect the perception of the customers in any brand. In addition to that, more and more customers are looking for products in lower price but in good quality. Thus, in order to meet the said expectations, the company decided to implement different strategies that will help them to lower their price, like their competitors, however, the said aspect affected the quality of their products that later on affected the demand of the customers. As a result of the said causes, the company encountered falling profitability, falling dividends, increased debt, decrease liquidity and falling sales (1996). This can be observed on the fact that despite of more than 10 million customers every week, the company have not yet recaptured the glory days between 1997 and 1998 when it had made over  £1 billion pretax profits. In 2004, MS announced a decreased in sales of 3.6%, compare last year (2004). Recovery Strategies The management was changed in 2004, as part of the entire organizational change when Robert Rose took place. Rose focuses on the five core values of new MS: quality, value, service, innovation and trust. This is due to the fact that Rose believe that Holmes management focuses on the management processes instead of products, costs and disapprove of their decision for not growing out of town. As part of that, Rose decided to have a partnership with HSBC in order to manage the financial division of the company. This is due to the fact that the company, under the previous management showed characteristics such as no coordination across department; as well as the fact that the product proliferation by sub brands had weakened the core proposition. Aside from that, it was also found out that the process from drawing board up to the shop floor was kind of slow that resulted to lack of innovation due to weak pricing strategy. The change strategy of the company focuses on abandoning , because it was not targeted at natural MS customers; obtaining Per Una from Davies for  £123 million; canceling more than 500 food products; developing supply chain and sourcing in order to reduce the overhang of the stock; stopping waste and unnecessary administration costs; improving different core services; returning  £2.3 billion to the shareholders; moving to out-of-town retail centers; restructuring and redundancy; changing the mentality of the employees; and closing or upgrading the companys stores The said strategies had been done by focusing on the internal communication process, as well as focusing on the needs and demands of the customers in terms of styles and qualities of their products, as well as the services that are being rendered by the employees towards the customers. Current Strategies In 2007, under the new management, MS had reported its strongest results since 1998, showing a profit of 29%. In addition, the company increased their appeal beyond the middle-aged, middle-class housewives by offering younger brands such as The Limited Collection. The said strategy enables the company to focus on one particular segment of their customers. The primary problem of the company is the pricing process; this is due to the fact that MS primarily perched at the top end of the mass market by selling high-quality products that the customers were willing to pay a little more for. However, due to the changing preferences of the customers, together with the growing competition with other stores, primarily Tesco, that is offering the same type of products, the company decided to focus on lowering the price of the products that they are offering. Aside from that the company also focuses on their food division in terms of marketing, by showing to their customers the importance of the quality of their products (2008).

27 Years Of Influential 60 Minutes :: essays research papers

27 Years of Influential 60 Minutes Since 1968 America has been better enlightened than previously concerning current events and happenings around the world. A considerable factor for this occurrence is the television program 60 Minutes which debuted on the air in September of 1968. Many other television newsmagazines have been produced since its creation, however none have possessed the longevity nor the influence of 60 Minutes. Infact, 60 Minutes, which is owned by CBS News, was the first regular network news program to cover actual stories asopposed to topics. Today, similar newsmagazines can be seen every night of the week on various stations, all of whichwere sparked by the inception of 60 Minutes. All of the tabloid television programs being shown today are also a result of 60 Minutes and its bold, gutsy, "gotcha" style of television journalism. 60 Minutes changed the way that the American public receives its television news, stemming forth a whole new format of television broadcast journalism. 60 Minutes has a vast history of stories covered, yet the format has remained unchanged. Don Hewett, creator and producer of 60 Minutes, has been the subject of much criticism for his stubbornness. Since its origin, 60 Minutes has continued to adhere to the same formula that made it such a success. The hidden-camera interviews, the surprising of unsuspecting alleged crooks with a bombardment of questions, the longevity of the featured reporters, all of these are what made 60 Minutes a success--finishing in the top 10 Nielson ratings for 17 consecutive seasons and counting. Other than the fact that it changed from black-and-white to color with the new technology, the appearance of 60 Minutes has remained consistent. There is no reason to change a thing about such a prosperous show according to Hewitt. Not only has the format remained constant but the reporters have as well. Mike Wallace, and Harry Reasoner both appeared on the first episode of 60 Minutes. Reasoner, who passed away in 1991, left CBS in 1970 to pursue a news anchoring position at ABC but later returned to 60 Minutes, in 1978, until his death. Wallace and Morley Safer, who started in 1970, are still featured reporters as well as Ed Bradley (who joined the team in 1981) and newcomers Lesley Stahl and Steve Kroft. 60 Minutes would not be the same without the weekly commentary of Andy Rooney. Rooney started making a regular appearance in 1978 offering humorous, sometimes controversial annotations about everyday life. A well known prime time TV news anchor who did much of his best work at 60 Minutes is Dan Rather.

Comparing the Passive Ventilation Style of Modern and Traditional Malay Houses

Comparing the Passive Ventilation Style of Modern Malay House in Belum Rainforest Resort With the Common Traditional Malay House in Malaysia. Table of Content Page Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦ 1Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦ .2An Overview of the Modern Malay House in BelumRainforest Resort, Perak, Malaysia †¦ †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦4What are the Comparison of Passive Ventilationon the Modern Malay House in Belum Rainforest Resort with Common Traditional Malay House in Malaysia? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5How does the Passive Ventilation System Works forModern Malay house in Malaysia and Common Traditional Malay House in Malaysia? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦How does the orientation of the edifice affect the passiveVentilation? †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ ..Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ .AppendixReferrencesAbstraction The aims of the research is to compare the inactive airing manner of Modern Malay House in Belum Rainforest Resort with the common Traditional Malay House in Malaysia.The research inquiries are what are the comparing of inactive airing in Modern Malay House in Belum with the common Traditional Malay House. Second, how does the orientation of edifice affect the inactive airing. Finally, How does the the inactive airing system plants for Modern Malay House in Belum Rainforest Resort and Common Traditional Malay House in Malaysiaaˆâ€ ¹These are the list of methodological analysis that being used to assist my research. Locate observation at Belum Rainforest Resort, cyberspace research, articles and books. My analysis of methodological analysis is by analyzing and comparing the inside informations of these two houses that are related to the inactive airing. The consequence is one found that Modern Malay House in Belum is deficiency of inside informations that contribute to passive airing system. Common Traditional Malay house is still the best since it gives spotlight more on the inactive airing.In a nutshell, house that focal point more on the inactive airing are much better since it cut down the humidness and produces a good thermal comfort in a edifice. In future, one hope that people will plan edifices that dressed ore more on the inactive airing instead than design. 1.0 – Introduction What is Architecture? The definition of Architecture is the art or pattern of planing and building edifices. Architects are the 1 who runs the universe. They create an enjoyment narrative in every edifice that they design so that the universe would non be every bit deadening as it is. When it comes to architecture universe it is ace broad and it consist of many different manners and techniques. Every state have their ain manners of planing to show their state ‘s singularity. One of the best design in the universe is the edifice that meet the demand and pretty much response to the clime. Besides, It needs to cognize about the microclimates and the clime zone, know the basic physiology of human thermic comfort, cut down the tonss and enhance ocular comfort by commanding the Sun. Thermal mass are used to better the comfort efficiency and to pick a space-conditioning schemes that are climatic responsive. Common architecture is one of the architecture manner that take earnestly on all of this standards when planing a edifice.. Common Architecture is being refer as a traditional edifices that are designed to run into the local clime and civilization. They design with utilizing a deep apprehension together with a regard towards the nature. Common architecture can be called as a sustainable architecture every bit good since it are besides built to prolong the environment without destructing it. Common architecture tends to germinate clip after clip to reflect the technological, reflect the historical context in which it exist, reflect the cultural and besides reflect the environment. This manner of architecture used the local resources and available energy and stuffs, so it can mention consequently to the clime, site and civilization. The most common basic map in slang architecture is to screen and protect from the conditions conditions. Passive chilling system can non be separate from the common architecture as they are greatly related together. Passive chilling is a edifice design attack that targets on the heat addition control and heat dissipation in a edifice in order to better the indoor thermic comfort with lower or zero energy use. A good orientation of a edifice, proper design layout and system used in a edifice will let the inactive airing system be in the edifice.Ventilation is the chief standards in inactive chilling system as it is the 1 that move the air from exterior edifice to the interior so that it can better the thermic comfort of a edifice. And my instance survey is to compare the inactive airing of Modern Malay House in Belum Rainforest Resort, Perak with a common Traditional Malay House in Malaysia. 2.0 – An Overview of the Modern Malay House in Belum Rainforest Resort, Perak, Malaysia As stated on Malaysia’s online web site, Malaysia is a state that being classified as a state that have a hot clime and humid tropical clime with all months above 18 grade Celcius. Belum Rainforest Resort is the topographic point which I picked for my instance survey. Belum Rainforest Resort is located on the northern portion of Malaysia and merely below the boundary of the other state which is Thailand. Belum Rainforest Resort is located in the center of jungle which is surrounded by the H2O component from the Lake of Banding or Tasik Banding. This make the topographic point a great become as a great topographic point for the inactive chilling design. Extracted from hypertext transfer protocol: //lensahijau.blogspot.com/2012/10/the-establishment-of-air-house-standard_18.html The Malay House in Belum was design to be modern but yet still keeping the basic component of Traditional Malay House. The exposure below is one of the Modern Malay House in Belum Rainforest Resort. Extracted from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.maplandia.com/malaysia/perak/gerik/hotels/belum-rainforest-resort/ The similarity of this modern Malay house with the traditional Malay house in Malaysia is they used wholly 100 per cent wood as the chief stuff for building. 3.0– What are the Comparison of Passive Ventilation on the Modern Malay House in Belum Rainforest Resort with Common Traditional Malay House in Malaysia? A traditional Malay House produce the airing by using many of full length Windowss and doors at the organic structure degree. ( Yuan, 1987: 76 ) . Hassan and Ramli ( 2010 ) conclude that Huge gaps on Malay house walls produce high air consumptions outside to take downing the public presentation of stack consequence. The below diagram stated clearly that, most of the outdoor and indoor temperatures were higher than 28 degree Celcius with the humidness degree in the house is higher than 60 per cent and the air current velocity in Malay house flow in about 0.3 m / s to 3.4 m / s. Extracted from hypertext transfer protocol: //lensahijau.blogspot.com/2012/10/the-establishment-of-air-house- standard_18.html There are several comparing that can be found in Modern Malay House in Belum Rainforest Resort. The Modern Malay House in Belum were design utilizing a lumber building. Most of the lumber building are non solid if to compare to a concrete building due to being build piece by piece. Since it is build piece by piece so it will hold a little spreads between a piece and a piece of wood.This little spreads is one of the scheme in inactive chilling system. The map of the little spreads is to let the motion of air into the house so that it could air out and automatically better the indoor environmental quality. Most of the traditional Malay house have this thing but if to compare to the modern side of Malay house in Belum Rainforest Resort, it does non hold this thing, It does non hold little spreads on the wall and floor, the little spreads merely can be seen on the outside of the house which is on the balcony’s floor.This is non good since it blocks the air from come ining into the house. The alone thing about the Malay house is that it is built on piles. This attack in many ways has several benefits from a thermal, functional and safety point of position. The raised floor, which is built higher than the land, can catch air currents of a higher speed ( Yuan, 1987: 71 ) , and the usage of lumber boards for the floor, which have spreads between them, can convey the air into the interior infinite. The Balcony country that contain little spreads for air airing intent. The interior side of the edifice which does non incorporate any floor spreads and wall spreads. Other than that, during my site observation I found that there is no airing through roof articulation that can be found in the house. This airing through roof articulation besides contribute in Passive Cooling Design. It makes the house produce a big motion of air into the edifice through the roof articulation. Traditional Malay House truly concentrate on the gap so that they can hold a good thermal comfort without bring forthing energy that we do non necessitate such as electricity. Besides, without opening through the roof articulation the stack airing system will evidently non go on. Extracted from hypertext transfer protocol: //lensahijau.blogspot.com/2012/10/the-establishment-of-air-house-standard_18.html– How does the PassiveVentilation System Works for Modern Malay house in Malaysia and Common Traditional Malay House in Malaya? Extracted from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.belumresort.com/acco_kampung_house.html The floor program above shows the floor program of the Modern Malay House in Belum Rainforest Resort. Common Traditional Malay House Floor Plan Extracted from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.academia.edu/2377416/Chapter_2_Malaysian_Vernacular_Architecture_and_Its_Relationship_to_Climate Both Modern Malay House and Traditional Malay House are indiscriminately arranged. This is to guarantee that the air current speed in the houses in the latter way of the air current will non well being reduced. Stack airing is the flow of air from outside which enter into the edifice and goes out from the upper side of a the edifice.Stack airing usage different temperature to travel the air. Hot air additions due to the lower force per unit area occur.It is sometimes being called as a perkiness airing. The below diagram shows how the stack airing fundamentally works. Extracted from hypertext transfer protocol: //sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/stack-ventilation-and-bernoullis-principle Stack airing is one of the alone airing system that happen in a traditional Malay house. Based on my observation on the modern Malay house in Belum Rainforest Resort, I found that there is no stack airing happens on this house since there is no gap through the roof articulation for the air to travel out. The other job is this house does lifted up a spot by the pile but the other job is that there is no floor spreads for the air to come in from below. This modern Malay house in Belum Rainforest Resort does non hold the stack airing consequence comparison to the original traditional Malay house. The traditional Malay house use the stack airing consequence to chill the interior side of the house. Stack airing makes the motion of the air flow and enter from the gap on the downside and the side of the house. Then the air easy transportation to the upper side of the house and goes out through the gaps on the roof articulation. Extracted from hypertext transfer protocol: //malay101.blogspot.com/2012/08/malay-architecture.html Even the modern Malay house in Belum Rainforest Resort does non utilize the stack airing system, they use the other system of airing which is the cross airing system . Cross airing system is obtain when there is Windowss on the both sides of the room. This caused the air to flux across the infinite. Since the air current comes the most on the side of the edifice, Openings on the sideway truly helps the modern Malay house in Belum Rainforest Resort to give a better thermic comfort. The cross airing system is good since it cut downing the energy ingestion in a edifice. The below diagram shows the cross airing system that happens on modern Malay house in Belum Rainforest Resort. The pointers on the diagram above shows the air motion that flows into the house. Other than that, the unplanned agreement of the Traditional Malay House is truly of import as it gives part in cut downing the hazard of the strong air currents. ( Hanafi, 1994 ) . Colonies that are along the coastal countries experience great air current velocity than the inland faiths. ( Hanafi, 1994 ) Traditional Malay House are normally detached and it dispersed the units with ample external infinite. This is to let the fresh air circulation occurs in the edifice. ( Hanafi, 1994 ) . Extracted from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.academia.edu/2377416/Chapter_2_Malaysian_Vernacular_Architecture_and_Its_Relationship_to_Climate Extracted from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.com.my/maps/ @ 5.5428286,101.341145,187m/data= ! 3m1! 1e3 Photo above is the unsmooth agreement of modern Malay house in Belum Rainforest Resort.The agreement are based on the additive construct and which it is using the same construct as the traditional Malay house in Malaysia.– How does the orientation of theedifice affect the passive airing? Building orientation are truly of import in Malay traditional house. For spiritual grounds, most traditional Malay houses are oriented to confront Mecca ( east – west way ) , which indirectly minimizes the country of open walls to direct solar radiation during theday ( Yuan, 2011 ) . The edifice orientation besides does assist in supplying good Sun shading, and besides a good airing system. Normally, the Malay Kampong House will be orientate harmonizing to the east – west orientation. This orientation map as allowing you to tackle the daytime and take control of the blaze along the long facade of the edifice. It will cut down the blaze from the puting Sun or even from the lifting Sun. One more ground on why east – west orientation is the best orientation is because of it ensures the edifice to acquire a better thermic comfort. The exposure below show that the non so accurate air current diagram that being taken from the windfinder.com. Extracted from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.windfinder.com/windstatistics/butterworth Based on my research survey I found that most of the air current comes from the Northwest and Northeast side.There is least air comes from the northern and the southern side. This orientation system works reasonably good since the modern Malay house in Belum Rainforest Resort are orientated utilizing the east west orientation. The window on the modern Malay house in Belum Rainforest Resort that located on the side of the house is openable so this can do the air current to flux into the edifice and circulate in good manner. The below exposure shows the orientation of the modern Malay house in Belum Rainforest Resort. Extracted from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.com.my/maps/ @ 5.5428286,101.341145,187m/data= ! 3m1! 1e3 Building that are surrounded by the H2O component are good for inactive chilling design. What I found is Belum Rainforest Resort is surrounded by a large lake which is the Tasik Banding . This Tasik banding contribute reasonably good in doing the house ice chest and accomplish the correct criterion of thermic comfort. The air current which flow from the Northwest side brings the cool air from the lake and straight enter the edifice.– DecisionIn a nutshell, Malaysia is a state that are meant to be as a hot clime state with a high humidness degree. Houses in Malaysia that will be design or already been designed by people need to follow the Malaysia ‘ s clime to accomplish a good thermic comfort. Modern Malay House in Belum Rainforest Resort are deficiency of the original characteristics that suppose to hold in every Traditional Malay House. Peoples that design the Malay house in Belum are non concentrating on the characteristics any longer, in fact they are more in footings of making a new edifice with utilizing a different manner to accomplish the thermic comfort.The house might look like a Malay traditional house when you look it from the farthest distance, but it is wholly different when you come closer and survey about the inside informations of the house. Modern Malay House in Belum are deficiency in footings of inactive airing part. The house reasonably much does non use the basic elements of a traditional Malay house which is to hold the wall spreads and little spreads between the lumber for the air to travel into the edifice. This is such a waste since this little characteristics is really truly do the edifice to accomplish a really good environmental indoor quality. The airing through the roof articulation besides is a good thing when it comes to show the stack airing system. Since traditional Malay house don’t use the electricity more frequently than a normal edifice, this stack airing truly works in every traditional Malay house because it cut down the energy ingestion and automatically cut down the life cost. Besides, stack airing makes the traditional Malay house to acquire a maximal airing from about every side of the house which the air current are fundamentally come from the underside, center and even from the upper side of the house. Other than that, the layout agreement in Malay house will lend in doing the topographic point go more comfy. Layout agreement is one of the standards in common architecture, this layout agreement will lend on the flow of the air current. Last but non least it is of import every bit good to orientate the edifice in a proper way. The proper edifice orientation will do the edifice to have a good Sun shadowing device, better air airing system so that the edifice would non be hotter on the interior. Appendix Referrences Referrences ARC 2213/2234 Asiatic Architecture 1

Judicial Law-Making Essay

The independence of the judiciary was ensured by the act of settlement 1700, which transferred the power to sack judges from the crown to the parliament. Consequently, judges should theoretically make their decisions based purely on the logical deductions of precedent, uninfluenced by political or career considerations. The eighteenth century legal commentator, William Blackstone, introduced the declaratory theory of law, stating that judges do not make law, but merely, by the rules of precedence, discover and declare the law that has always been: ‘the judge being sworn to determine, not according to his private sentiments†¦ ot according to his own private judgement, but according to the known laws and customs of the land: not delegated to pronounce a new law, but to maintain an expound the old one’. Blackstone does not accept that precedent does not even offer a choice between two or more interpretations of the law: where a bad decision is made, he states, the new one that reverses or overrules it is not a new law, nor a statement that the old decision was bad law, but a declaration that the previous decision was â€Å"not law†, in other words that it was the wrong answer. His view presupposes that there is always one right answer, to be deduced from the objective study of precedence. Today, however, this position is considered somewhat unrealistic. If the operation of precedent is the precise science Blackstone suggested, a large majority of cases in the higher courts would never come to court at all. The lawyer’s concern could simply look up the relevant case law and predict what the decision would be, then advise whichever of the clients would be bound to lose not to bother bringing or fighting the case. In a civil case, or any appeal case, no good lawyer would advise a client to bring or defend the case that they had no chance of winning. Therefore, where such a case is contested, it can be assumed that, unless one of the lawyers has made a mistake, it could go either way, and still be in accordance with the law. In practice, thus, judges’ decisions may not be as neutral as Blackstone’s declaratory theory suggests: they have to make choices which are by no means spelled out by precedent. Yet, rather than openly stating that they are choosing between two or more equally relevant precedents, the courts find ways to avoid awkward ones, which give them the impression that the precedents they do choose to follow are the only ones they could possibly apply. Ronald Dworkin argues that judges have no real discretion in making case law. He sees law as a seamless web of principles, which supply a right answer – and only one – to every possible problem. Dworkin reasons that although stated legal rules may â€Å"run out† (in the sense of not being directly applicable to a new case) legal principles never do, and therefore judges never need to use their own discretion. In his book, ‘laws’ empire 1986†², professor Dworkin claims that judges first look at previous cases, and from those deduce which principles could be said to apply to the case for them. They then consult their own sense of justice as to which apply, and also consider what the communities’ view of justice dictates. Where the judges’ view and that of the community coincide, there is no problem, but if they conflict, the judges then ask themselves whether or not it would be fair to impose their own sense of justice over that of the community. Dworkin calls this the interpretive approach and, although it may appear to involve a series of choices, he considers that the legal principles underlying the decisions mean that in the end, only one result could possibly surface from any one case. Dworkin’s approach has been heavily criticised as being unrealistic: opponents believe that judges do not consider principles of justice but take a much more pragmatic approach, looking at the facts of the case, not the principles. Critical legal theorists, like as David Kairys (1998) take a quite different view. They argue that judges have considerable freedom within the doctrine of precedent. Kairys suggests that there is no such thing as legal reasoning in the sense of a logical, neutral method of determining rules and results from what has gone before. He states that judicial decisions are actually based on a ‘complex mixture of social, political, institutional, experiential, and personal factors’, and are simply legitimated, or justified, by reference to previous cases. The law provides a ‘wide and conflicting variety’ of such justifications ‘from which courts pick and choose’. The process is not necessarily as cynical as it sounds. Kairys points out that he is not saying that judges actually make the decision and then consider which precedents they can pick to justify it: rather their own eliefs and prejudices naturally lead them to give more weight to precedents which support both views. Nevertheless, for critical legal theorists, all such decisions can be seen as reflecting social and political judgements, rather than objective, purely logical deductions. Critical theory argues that the neutral appearance of so called ‘legal reasoning’ disguises the true nature of legal decisions which, by the choices made, uphold existing power relations within society, tending to favour, for example, employers over employees, property owners over those without, men over women, and rich, developed countries over poor, undeveloped ones. Griffith (1997) argues that judges make their decisions based on what they see as the public interest, but that their view of this interest is coloured by their background and their position in society. He points out that judges’ view of public interest assumes that the interests of all the members of society are roughly the same, ignoring the fact that within society, different groups, employers and employees, men and women, rich and poor – may have interests which are diametrically opposite. What appears to be acting in public interest will usually mean in the interest of one group over another, and therefore cannot be seen as neutral. Waldron, in his book ‘The Law’ (1989), agrees that judges do make law, and that they are influenced in those instances of law-making by political and ideological considerations, but argues that this is not necessarily a bad thing. He contends that while it would be wrong for judges to be biased towards one side in a case, or to make decisions based on political factors in the hope of promotion, it is unrealistic to expect a judge to be ‘a political neuter – emasculated of all values and principled commitments’. Although judges have traditionally seen themselves as declaring or finding rather than creating law, and frequently state that making law is the prerogative of the parliament, there are several areas in which they clearly do make law. In the first place, historically, a great deal of English law is and always has been case law, made by judicial decisions. Contract and tort law are still largely judge made, and many of the most important developments – for example, the development of negligence as a tort – have had profound effects. Even though statutes have later been passed in these subjects, and occasionally parliament has attempted to embody whole areas of common law in statutory form, these still embody the original principles created by the judges. Secondly, the application of law, whether case law or statute, to a particular case is not usually an automatic matter. Terminology may be vague or ambiguous, new developments and social life have to be accommodated, and the procedure requires interpretation as well as application. As we have suggested, judicial precedent does not always make a particular decision obvious and obligatory – there may be conflicting precedents, their implications may be unclear, and there are ways of getting round a precedent that may otherwise produce an undesirable decision. If it is accepted that Blackstone’s declaratory theory does not apply in practice, then clearly the judges do make law, rather than explaining the law that is already there. The theories advanced by Kairys, Griffith, and Waldron, all accept that judges do have discretion, and therefore they do to some extent make law. Where precedents do not spell out what should be done in a case before them, judges nevertheless have to make a decision. They cannot simply say that the law is not clear and refer it back to parliament, even though in some cases they point out that the decision before them would be more appropriately decided by those who have been elected to make decisions on changes in the law. This was the case in Airedale NHS Trust v Bland (1993), where the House of Lords considered the fate of Tony Bland, the football supporter left in a coma, after the Hillsborough stadium disaster. The court had to decide whether it was lawful to stop supplying the drugs and artificial feeding that were keeping Bland alive, even though it was known that doing so would mean his death soon afterwards. Several law lords made it plain that they felt that cases raising ‘wholly new moral and social issues; should be decided by the Parliament, the judges’ role being to ‘apply the principles which society, through the democratic process, adopts, not to impose their standards on society. Nevertheless, the courts had no option but to make the decision one way or another, and they decided that the action was lawful in the circumstances, because it was in the patient’s best interests. Thirdly, our judges have been left to define their own role, and the role of the courts generally in the political system, more or less as they please. They have, for example, given themselves the power to review decisions of any public body, even when parliament has said those decis ions are not to be reviewed. In addition, despite their frequent pronouncements that it is not for them to interfere in parliament’s law making role, the judges have made it plain that they will not, unless forced by very explicit wording, interpret statutes as encroaching on common law rights or judge made law. They also control the operation of case law without reference to parliament : an obvious example is that the 1966 practice statement announcing that the HOL would no longer be bound by its own decisions, which made case law more flexible and thereby gave the judges more power, was made on the courts own authority, without needing permission from parliament. The HOL has explained its approach to judicial law-making (which is likely to be the same for the Supreme Court) in the case of C (a minor) v DPP 1995, which raised the issue of children’s liability for crime. The common law defence of doli incapax provided that a D aged between 10 and 14 could be liable for a crime only if the prosecution could prove that the child knew that what he or she did was seriously wrong. On appeal from the magistrates’ court, the divisional court held that the defence was outdated and should no longer exist in law. An appeal was brought before the HOL arguing that the divisional court was bound by precedent and not able to change the law in this way. the HOL agreed and went on to consider whether it should change the law itself (as the 1966 practice statement clearly allowed it to do), but decided that this was not an appropriate case for judicial law making.

INTERNET APPLICATIONS IN THE MARKETING MIX essays

INTERNET APPLICATIONS IN THE MARKETING MIX essays Possible applications of the Internet in the marketing mix are: Product - Product variety, product customization and product support are three components of the product marketing mix that have been affected by the Internet. Consumers desire expanded choices when e- shopping compared to a bricks-and-mortar experience for products such as books, music and even clothing. Customization is achieved through made-to-order technology, with Dell as an example in the computer business. Access to product support is facilitated by the Internet (24/7 access to FAQs, trouble-shooting and even e-support through Placement - The distribution channel can become direct manufacturer-to- consumer, thus eliminating distributors and retailers. For example, software, music and magazines can go straight to consumers electronically, bypassing all other steps in the traditional distribution channel. Tangible products such as clothes or books require an intermediary step (shipper), but the Internet streamlines the producer-to-consumer channel. Price - Price savings can arise by employing the Internet. In some cases, brick-and-mortar establishments can be eliminated or down- sized. Savings achieved through distribution channel efficiencies can be passed directly to the consumer. Technology can also support product customization at little or no cost to the manufacturer, thus adding a value-added benefit at no cost to either the supplier or Promotion - Direct marketing to target markets occurs by allowing consumers to opt-in (and opt-out) to bulletins and newsletters that are self-selected. E-marketing can be more cost efficient than other traditional media, although e-ad effectiveness is not f ...

A Universal History essays

A Universal History essays There were many philosophers throughout time who sought constantly to identify a Universal History. These philosophers believed in continuity. History to them was a progressive revelation of the way the universe was structured and through this belief, they felt better able to explain mans origin and purpose in life as a whole. Not all philosophers followed or studied Universal Histories as can be seen in the times of Greek antiquity. The philosophers and writers of antiquity never ventured in the writings of Universal Histories, even though the philosophical and historical traditions of the Western world began in Greece. They only acknowledged a cyclical view of History, not one of continuity. Through the politics of the well known philosopher Aristotle, we see that he firmly believed that no regime could ever satisfy man completely, but that man, through being dissatisfied would constantly replace one regime with another, hence his belief that history was a never ending cycle. Plato also spoke in the Republic of regimes having certain natural cycles. The Greek view of that time therefore showed history was not secular but cyclical (Fukuyama 1992, p55 thought. The first Universal Histories we see came from Christianity in the Middle Ages. Christians were the first in presenting the idea that through the eyes of God, man was equal to one another and that people all over the world shared in the same destiny. Christianity introduced the concept of a history that was finite in time, beginning with Gods creation of man and ending with his final salvation (Fukuyama 1992, p56). For Christians there was a definite belief of there being a day of judgement sometime in the future, where all earthly history would cease to exist and the universe would be no more. These beliefs describe a ...

The Difference Between Works Cited and Bibliography

The Difference Between and Bibliography The citation of sources prevents plagiarism, helps a professor fact-check an essay or paper for accuracy, and can aid the student in finding information if they decide to return to a certain source in the future. Most everything written or published in the higher academy is cited. The citation of sources prevents  plagiarism, helps a professor fact-check an essay or paper for accuracy, and can aid the student in finding information if they decide to return to a certain source in the future. Learning the importance of citing sources is something any and every student should learn wholeheartedly and always embrace because, at the college or university level, it is a fact of life. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY EXAMPLES However, with the overwhelming bombardment of information and terminology in higher education, it can be a challenge doing things the correct way – and can get very confusing.  This certainly applies to a writing assignment requiring a student to cite the sources they have used, referred to or encountered in compiling information and writing an essay or research paper. A page and Bibliography are perfect examples: the two are often used interchangeably, mean close to the same thing, yet have entirely different purposes, meanings,  and implications. The Bibliography Bibliographies, which are mostly found at the end of a book or published an academic  article, are a list of the books or other articles referred to in a scholarly work – and are not merely a simple paper, essay or research paper written by an undergraduate. Usually printed as an appendix, bibliographies provide an overview of what has been published on a topic. Some bibliographies are annotated, meaning they include a brief summary of each work’s contents and explain how it was relevant in writing about the subject of the paper. A bibliography is an ideal starting point for the student looking to conduct research on a specific topic or range of topics.  However, some professors may require their students to make a list of all the sources that informed the student writing the paper – those that may have  lead the student to other, more recent sources. In this case, a bibliography may be best. The The , often referred to as the â€Å" Page,† is a separate page at the end of a student’s essay or research paper; it lists the sources they used in the writing and completing their assignment – whether they used information in direct quotes, rephrased summaries, the incorporation of data and general information, like statistics. Whenever a student borrows legitimate information from any reputable source (anything that is not common knowledge: â€Å"the capital of Thailand is Bangkok†), that information needs to be cited in MLA style. This list should be alphabetized by authors’ last names – or by editors’ or translators’ names – and should have â€Å"† as a centered heading. In many cases, one’s professor may read the student’s page first to get a feel for the kind of effort put into the assignment. FOOTNOTES VS. ENDNOTES Student, keep in mind!  In the event, a student is not sure which exactly their professor prefers – works cited, bibliography or an annotated bibliography – that student should talk with their professor; rather than risk getting a low grade, it is best they inquire early on in getting an assignment.

Dust storm in China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dust storm in China - Research Paper Example He, indeed, has showed an aversion to industrially produced because of the biological, chemical and industrial pathogens which can cause serious diseases and grave illness. Therefore, he prefers personally foraged food produced in natural setting. But in this industrial age, since industrially produced foods are much cheaper than the foods produced in a natural setting, modern people are in a dilemma whether they should eat those organic/ personally foraged foods which are â€Å"floating on a sinking sea of petroleum† or not. But the question which arises here is: Is Michael Pollan aware of the fact that the nature itself has been polluted with the man-made chemical and biological industry? Natural disasters like dust storm in China have showed ample evidences in support of this claim that nature itself has been severely polluted by chemical and biological pollutants. Therefore, Pollan’s hope to get pollution free food from nature is also diminishing day by day. The Ind ustrial and Chemical Pollutants in the Dust Storm in China Dust storm in China is considered as a natural and meteorological event which occurs normally in the arid and semi-arid areas of the world. It is caused by a gust of wind which blows dust particles, sands and dirt from the dry plains. Dust storm ferries these particles with a geographical process of transportation, called â€Å"saltation and suspension† which involves moving the dust particles from one place to another through the air. It may occur in any part of the world where there are vast dry plains containing loose dust particles on the surface. It also occurs in China. Referring to the occurrence of dust storm in China, Gou and Xie comments, â€Å"North-west China lies in the inner part of the Asia-Europe continent, the climate is dry and there are many winds and desert storms† (1619). But this dust storm in China is far more different from those in other parts of the world in terms of its threat to heal th. Researches show that the dust storms in China are more threatening to human health because of the industrial chemical pollutants they ferry, as referring to the threats posed by the Dust storm, Chiu and his co-authors note, â€Å"However, statistically significant associations were found between ADS events and hospital admissions for primary intra-cerebral hemorrhagic stroke† (778). Because of the recent rapid industrial growth, China is releasing more industrial pollutants to its environment than ever. Though natural particles such as sand, earth particles, etc are less harmful to human health, the industrial pollutants such as sulfuric components, industrial ashes, vehicular lead, carbon monoxide, mercury, Zinc, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, copper, etc are seriously injurious to health. In this regard, they say, â€Å"Many epidemiologic studies have provided evidence of an association between airborne particles and daily mortality†¦Fine particles typically contain a mixture of soot, acid condensates, and sulfate and nitrate particles. They are derived chiefly from combustion of fossil fuels† (Yang et al, 817). Scientists assert that naturally these components remain in composite forms which are not so much a threat to health. But due to the industrial growth of China, these carcinogenic materials are exhumed from the earth and used

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Business - Essay Example Jarvik acknowledges that he has considerable experience with heart disease (Owens, 2008). This removes liability from Pfizer and also supports his credentials to promote Lipitor without much concern over ethical judgment consequences from society and regulatory entities. More careful selection of appropriate celebrity endorsements would be one method of improving advertising approach. Seeking celebrities that actually have used Lipitor are more in-line with regulatory framework guidance for advertisers to avoid consumer perceptions of deception. Additionally, Pfizer could reposition Lipitor under a product benefits focus, using chemists and developers as appropriate endorsers to describe product quality as well as the credentials of research and development teams. Puffer is merely an exaggeration in an attempt to position or differentiate a product by embellishing product benefits. Deception, however, would occur when a product makes claims it cannot achieve, such as promising cures to illnesses from a vitamin marketer that are not supported by research or actual human consumption. Consumers can also contact the Federal Trade Commission to investigate allegations of blatant deception allowing for expert scrutiny and inquiry. One well-known marketing campaign that has used puffery is Folgers Coffee. The promotional phrase, â€Å"The best part of waking up is Folgers in your cup† is simply positioning and/or differentiation tactics utilizing puffery (Boone & Kurtz, 2007). This form of puffery is designed to send the perception to consumers that the product benefits of Folgers, or psychological benefits, can be achieved through consumption. United Egg Producers, a trade group that represents the interest of many egg manufacturers, utilized deceptive packaging strategies to gain consumer interest. The phrase â€Å"Animal Care Certified† was used as a logo on many egg cartons to express United Egg Producer’s focus on

Five Years from the Brink (movie) Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Five Years from the Brink ( ) - Movie Review Example However, the immediate cause that triggers the crisis was the fall of Lehman Brothers. Their collapse caused much fear to the global financial markets. This was in 2008 of which their fall prompted banks to stop lending to each other. The impact was the rising interbank borrowing risk premium to 5% which was previously at 0%. Despite the effort to inject liquidity to the financial markets by the authorities, the financial markets were already suffering the consequences (McKibbin and Stoeckel 1). Conversely, article by Positive Money claims that financial and economic crisis are attributed to the large sum of money created by banks through loans. The banks doubled the money and debt in the economy in a period of 7 years. The larger sum of money created by the banks was used to increase the cost of property in the economy, house prices increase significantly. A huge amount of money loaned to the property owners by the banks increased the cost of houses and personal debt. Additionally, the property owners had to pay interest on loans provided by the banks. However, the increasing debts and low income led to the failure of loan repayment. Some individuals could not afford to pay back the loans and so the banks become bankrupt. Immediately after the crisis, financial institutions reduced their lending rates to household and the businesses. The reduction of lending rates by the banks to businesses caused a drop in prices. This prompted the property owners who had previously borro wed a large sum of money to sell their property. Those who had borrowed a large amount of money thought that they could easily repay their loan because of favorable prices of their property. The sale of the assets by the property owners led to fall of house prices and so the bubble burst. Hank stated that the improved value of the derivatives, hidden banking structure, and the off- balance sheet financing encouraged exceptional business transactions and therefore contributed and

Answer a question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer a question - Essay Example Similarly, Andrews and Karlin purports that metacognition is the way an individual is aware of what they know and what they do not know. Moreover, it is also known as the knowledge and the control an individual has over his own learning, thinking, and how he analyzes his thought processes (Andrews & Karlin, 2002) (page 29 Line 1 to 4). Evidently, metacognition is related to thinking, especially when one is analyzing their thought process of not understanding a concept as well as the ability of communicating ones lack of understanding. For instance, in a science lesson a deaf student who reads, in English, a science section of black holes who shows excellent metacognition strategies that are associated to thinking. Then using American Sign Language (ASL) the students informs the teacher his lack of understanding the concept of black holes. Consequently, the teacher then provides an explanation in ASL to the student. The student also uses English text and employs translation together w ith code switching strategies. As such the student is demonstrating metacognitive awareness in informing the teacher that he does not understand. Moreover, he is thinking together with analyzing his thought processes of not comprehending the concept of black holes and shows the ability to communicate that he does not understand (Andrews & Karlin, 2002) (Page 29 line 3 to 12). On the other hand, metacognition is also related to reading skills. Mostly, the strategies that are normally used in reading include meta-comprehension and metalinguistic awareness skills. Meta-comprehension is the readers’ awareness and control over their own comprehension. For example, a skilled deaf reader knows how to approach a text, locate an important piece of information, and also how to summarize important points and organize information as well as how to make wise decisions on how to best process the reading task. In addition, good deaf readers also set a purpose for reading, make predictions w ith regard to the meaning, form good hypothesis, form mental judgments, monitor their understanding as they read, use prior knowledge effectively, fix a difficulty when it arises, and realize the variety of strategies they can employ after the comprehension breakdown (Andrews & Karlin, 2002) (Page 29 lines 32 to 45). On the other hand, the least skilled deaf readers will tend to rely on the pictures, do not have the ability over the text, misunderstand the text, have limited strategies and tend to get frustrated easily and give in the process (Andrews & Karlin, 2002) (Page 30 lines 1 to 3). Moreover, Andrews and Mason claims that metacognitive skills increase the reading comprehension of the underachieving readers. For instance, although teaching metacognitive comprehension strategies does not automatically guarantee successful reading comprehension among the deaf students, effective instructional approaches will enable the deaf students to use the strategies as a tool to comprehend English texts (Andrews & Mason, 1991) (Page 544 lines 41 to 50). Better readers normally possess good metacognitive strategy and they are also interested in reading as compared to the poor readers (Baker & Beall, 2009) (Page 381, line 8 to 11). Personal experience After knowing the effectiveness of the metacognition

Cross-Cultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Cross-Cultural Management - Essay Example However, it has also brought in certain major challenges for these organisations to succeed in the global arena. There are various determinants for international business that restrict the organisational capabilities to avail opportunities internationally. One of the major determinants that many experts have considered is the cross-cultural aspects of the international business. Cultural differences are often very difficult to observe and measure while failure to understand the culture may have intensified effects on the business organisation that can reduce the business performance (Ghemawat & Reiche, 2011). The poor understanding of cross culture has a radical influence on the business process as well as on the management as it may increase the propensity towards committing business blunders. Notably, the success or the failure of business greatly relies on the performance of human resources within organisations. Consequently, the limitation of certain understandings such language, business etiquette, norms and values by the human resources in an organisation at international level has often collapsed many business organisations (The Culturosity Group, LLC, 2004) Overview of the Airbus Consortium Airbus is a subsidiary company of Netherlands based European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company (EADS) with its headquarter located in Toulouse, France and the ingenuity of major European countries including France, Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom is combined to create a giant company to compete with other major companies such as Boeing of the United States. The consortium is a key manufacturer of military airlifters as well as commercial jetliners, continuously involved since previous 40 years (Airbus S.A.S., 2012). Airbus operates globally and creates value for its widespread customers and shareholders. The company employs more than 55,000 personnel from in excess of 100 nationalities around the world. The company’s operations greatly rely on industr ial cooperation as well as on partnership with world’s a few of the major companies. The company has more than 1500 suppliers spread over 30 countries. Its success is attributed to a mix of ideas, vision and knowledge such as a combination of diverse cultures in its work process. The company with its global presence and expanding business operations has now become an international family (Airbus S. A. S., 2012). Source: (Observatory of Sustainability in Aviation, 2012) Cross-Cultural Issues Faced By the Airbus Consortium Airbus consortium is a multi-national company which has workforce from all around the world. However, the company has always been cautious and has respected diversity and business ethics within the organisation. The company continuously strives to seek opportunities in order to reap the benefits provided by culturally diverse workforce committed towards accomplishing the organisational goals. The company with its multi-culture team ensures that it is efficien t to understand the various needs of its diverse customers, stakeholders and

Analytical and synthetic cubism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analytical and synthetic cubism - Essay Example Cubism was founded by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, inspired by the artworks in African Sculpture, by painters Paul Cà ©zanne (French, 1839-1906) and Georges Seurat (French, 1859-1891), and by Fauves. Cubism was later divided into two branches, Analytical Cubism and Synthetic Cubism.Analytical Cubism is the first development phase of Cubism and was developed between 1908 and 1912. The Analytical phase consisted of analyzing the object and then breaking it down into basic geometric forms in the canvas.Synthetic Cubism, the second and more decorative phase of Cubism started after the Analytical phase in 1912. This phase was less complex than its predecessor phase.During Analytical Cubism the language of Cubism had become flatter, consistent, but also more ambiguous. In his portrait of Ambroise Vollard, Picasso fragmented a human figure into a number transparent geometric planes intersecting each other at a variety of angles, none of these planes giving the illusion of three dimens ionality.2 In this work, Picasso merged figure and environment, solid and void, background and foreground.â€Å"Synthetic Cubism was in part a reaction against the abstract tendency of the Analytical phase.†3 With his `Still Life with Chair Caning’ (1912, Musà ©e Picasso,Paris, France) Picasso invented a technique called collage (from the French word `coller’ meaning "to glue"). This started the second phase of Cubism known as Synthetic Cubism. Pasting pieces of paper or other material to the surface of painting is Collage. In his painting, Picasso used a piece of oilcloth. Soon both Picasso and Braque began using newspapers, wallpapers, advertising in their paintings implying that art can be created with anything and not just brushes and paint.2 During Analytical Cubism, the works produced by Picasso and Braque shared similarities in style since the objects were represented by geometric forms such as cylinder, sphere and cone. Whereas Synthetic Cubism was more like synthesizing several objects into a figure. The colors were minimum or almost non-existent in Analytical Cubism paintings. Many of the painting were entirely muted brown or grays. The main reason for this was that the two artists were concerned about geometric shapes. Synthetic Cubism on the other hand is more of a decorative phase of Cubism. Colors were reintroduced in synthetic cubism. For the decorative effort, bright colors were used, smooth and rough surfaces were contrasted with one another. Sometimes objects such as newspapers or tobacco wrappers were used in combination with painted areas.4 Abstraction was one of the main characteristics of Analytical Cubism. There was minimal resemblance with the real world as can be seen in the paintings 'Ma Jolie' (1911) by Picasso and 'The Portuguese' (1911) by Braque. The subject matter appeared to be structure of fragmented planes. In Synthetic Cubism both artists included stenciled letters, words (often pun) as a reaction against abstraction of Analytical Cubism.3 Right angles and straight-lines were mostly used in Analytical Cubism. Paintings were almost flat though sometimes in some areas the painting appeared sculptural, for instance in the painting Girl with a Mandoline' (1910), by Picasso. The synthetic phase of Cubism affirmed Cubism as a manipulative technique which plays games with both reality and perception, through the use of collage and letter stenciling. It also helped in accentuating its flatness. Picasso began to look at sculptures in a new way, due to his experience with collage, as an assemblage of parts rather than a shaped mass, which shows in the sculptures he made in 1912, riffs on the form of the guitar. Cubism as Modern Movement: Cubism is considered to be the most influential modern movement by many art critics. The reason being that Cubism gave a new meaning to looking at objects in a significantly different way from the one set during the Renaissance

Cross-Cultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Cross-Cultural Management - Essay Example However, it has also brought in certain major challenges for these organisations to succeed in the global arena. There are various determinants for international business that restrict the organisational capabilities to avail opportunities internationally. One of the major determinants that many experts have considered is the cross-cultural aspects of the international business. Cultural differences are often very difficult to observe and measure while failure to understand the culture may have intensified effects on the business organisation that can reduce the business performance (Ghemawat & Reiche, 2011). The poor understanding of cross culture has a radical influence on the business process as well as on the management as it may increase the propensity towards committing business blunders. Notably, the success or the failure of business greatly relies on the performance of human resources within organisations. Consequently, the limitation of certain understandings such language, business etiquette, norms and values by the human resources in an organisation at international level has often collapsed many business organisations (The Culturosity Group, LLC, 2004) Overview of the Airbus Consortium Airbus is a subsidiary company of Netherlands based European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company (EADS) with its headquarter located in Toulouse, France and the ingenuity of major European countries including France, Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom is combined to create a giant company to compete with other major companies such as Boeing of the United States. The consortium is a key manufacturer of military airlifters as well as commercial jetliners, continuously involved since previous 40 years (Airbus S.A.S., 2012). Airbus operates globally and creates value for its widespread customers and shareholders. The company employs more than 55,000 personnel from in excess of 100 nationalities around the world. The company’s operations greatly rely on industr ial cooperation as well as on partnership with world’s a few of the major companies. The company has more than 1500 suppliers spread over 30 countries. Its success is attributed to a mix of ideas, vision and knowledge such as a combination of diverse cultures in its work process. The company with its global presence and expanding business operations has now become an international family (Airbus S. A. S., 2012). Source: (Observatory of Sustainability in Aviation, 2012) Cross-Cultural Issues Faced By the Airbus Consortium Airbus consortium is a multi-national company which has workforce from all around the world. However, the company has always been cautious and has respected diversity and business ethics within the organisation. The company continuously strives to seek opportunities in order to reap the benefits provided by culturally diverse workforce committed towards accomplishing the organisational goals. The company with its multi-culture team ensures that it is efficien t to understand the various needs of its diverse customers, stakeholders and

Polictal Phylosophy. What it it Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Polictal Phylosophy. What it it - Term Paper Example This paper shall be a discussion of my personal political philosophy. Specifically, it shall be a discussion of my liberal political philosophy, largely based and supported by John Locke’s philosophy. A discussion of my political philosophy as applied in the Iraqi invasion shall be established by this paper followed by a discussion related to gay marriage. My other political views shall also be considered, as well as the relationship of this philosophy with other political philosophies. Body I have a liberal political philosophy. By this, I mean that I believe in the freedom of the people to decide their own fates within the bounds of law and morality with limited interference from other people, other states, and from the government. I adhere firmly to this philosophy because I believe that man was by nature born free and possessing of these inherent liberties. As such, he is free to decide his destiny and his fate as an individual and as a free person (Gaus, 1983). I also bel ieve that allowing the individuality of people to emerge can help ensure the favorable development of human beings. It also allows them to become the person they most want to be, without anyone or anything preventing them from fulfilling their ultimate goals (Mill, 1963). I believe this to be the best ideology which a person can apply in his life because through such ideology, he will be able to get closer to the perfection he desires. Only under liberal principles and philosophies can a society which is ideal for the greatest number of people be achieved. Every man has an opportunity to shine and to gain success under this philosophy and it would also serve to equalize economic disparities among the people, thereby giving the poor people a chance to seek their fortunes and dreams under the protection of this philosophy. My political philosophy acknowledges the fact that a favorable life is one which is freely chosen and one where a person can develop his individual and unique quali ties based on his plans in life (Galston, 1980). I also adhere to this political philosophy because I strongly oppose the dictatorial and authoritarian ideals which are contrary to the ideals of liberalism. I also do not adhere to the idea that ‘might makes right.’ I believe that we started out as a people without any government, without police authorities or even private properties, and yet with natural and inherent reasoning, we have managed to coexist favorably with each other and have managed to resolve our differences using natural laws. By adequate and logical reasoning, it is sufficient to think that people have their rights to their labor and their properties (IEP, 2001). Eventually, with time, people have been able to discover that in order to coexist with each other, they needed to establish social contracts with each other, and from such contract, political obligations and the management of private properties have been established (IEP, 2001). With these prec epts, I adhere to the liberal political philosophy because it is a philosophy which is likely to benefit the most number of people in fair and naturally efficient ways. I am also a liberalist because the philosophy it espouses are fertile grounds for the application of

Detection of Apoptosing Retinal Cells in Glaucoma Diagnosis

Detection of Apoptosing Retinal Cells in Glaucoma Diagnosis Study Proposal Investigating a possible correlation between DARC (Detection of Apoptosing Retinal Cells) and Psychophysical methods (e.g. Contrast Sensitivity, Colour Vision, LogMAR Visual Acuity in different contrast levels) in Glaucoma diagnosis and assessing treatment efficacy. Background Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative eye disease and one of the major causes offor blindness in developed countries. It is a chronic degenerative disease of the optic nerve, which has been characterised by a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons (Sommer, 1989). Glaucoma is a collective term for a complex group of conditions that cause progressive optic neuropathy, which may result in irreversible loss of visual function.[E1] Therefore, assessment of visual function is essential in diagnosis and treatment of Glaucoma. Although several diagnostic tools have been developed to detect and monitor this disease, none is sensitive enough to identify it at a preclinical stage or to distinguish small changes in retinal health in a relatively short periods (Normando et al., 2013) In Glaucoma, irreversible visual changes may occur before neuronal damages are discovered. The detection of glaucomatous structural damage might happen before, during and after glaucomatous visual field defects findings (Kass et al., 2002). Clinical assessment of visual function in parafoveal regions is mostly dependent on the examination of visual fields by using standard perimetry (Rauscher et al., 2013). Perimetry plots often do not represent full extent of visual loss as conventional field assessments only examine a single feature at the location tested, which usually is the differential light threshold. Although, outcome for absolute thresholds of flashed stimuli is useful but frequently these findings are the final component of visual function that are affected in disease. It should be taken into consideration that visual field defects cannot be detected until 20-40% of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) which are the key cells associated with the development of irreversible blindne ss in glaucoma, have already been lost (Guo and Cordeiro, 2008). In many of the eye disease, sensitivity for detection of fine spatial detail and colour signals can be damaged prior to visual field loss (Barbur and Konstantakopoulou, 2012). In studies such as (Rauscher et al., 2013) colour thresholds revealed the highest sensitivity to early glaucomatous changes and Red/Green losses tended to happen before perimetric loss of binocular visual field sensitivity. It should be noted that simple measures of perimetriy are not sensitive enough to detect selective loss of specific visual attributes and therefore fail to show a strong correlation with Quality Of Life (QOL) measures. Moreover, the ability to differentiate contrast plays an important role in patients everyday vision and quality of life. Contrast sensitivity testing can identify many ocular diseases and provides additional useful clinical information to standard visual acuity assessments (Richman et al., 2013). Additionally, a new noninvasive real-time imaging technology, has recently been developed which is named DARC (Detection of Apoptosing Retinal Cells). Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is involved in both pathological and physiological processes throughout the body. Although, Apoptosis plays a vital role in normal development and ageing but deregulation of this process is responsible for many disease including neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, in vivo imaging of apoptosis may prove a useful tool for both laboratory research and clinical diagnostics (Galvao et al., 2013) DARC visualizes single RGC, which undergo apoptosis, as the earliest sign of glaucoma. Use of fluorescent annexin A5 is one of the most widely accepted in vitro assay for apoptotic cells (Normando et al., 2013). DARC is a non-radioactive approach that can evaluate the efficiency of the treatments by monitoring RGC apoptosis in the same living eye over time by using fluorescently labeled annexin 5 and confocal laser scanning ophthalmoscopy. DARC uses unique optical properties of the eye for direct microscopic observation of cellular processes in the retina. DARC has been used to assess different neuroprotective therapies in glaucoma-related animal models and demonstrated to be a useful tool in screening neuroprotective strategies. As DARC directly evaluates the RGC death process, it will potentially provide a meaningful clinical end point. DARC can be used in tracking disease, assessing treatment efficacy and may lead to the early identification of patients with glaucoma (Cordeiro et al., 2010; Cordeiro et al., 2011; Guo and Cordeiro, 2008; Normando et al., 2013). DARC uses a novel automated algorithm, which enables accurate quantification of apoptosing RGCs and is highly comparable to manual counting. This appears to minimise operator-bias and at the same time being both fast and reproducible. Quantification of apoptosing retinal cells may prove to be a valuable method, particularly in relation to translation in the clinic now that a Phase I clinical trial of DARC in glaucoma patients is due to start shortly (Bizrah et al., 2014). 3 year plan 1st Year Ethics approval Pre-Screening patients with glaucoma for suitability using LogMAR visual acuity in low contrast level and any available visual field findings 2nd Year Recruiting candidates Study both psychophysical methods (Contrast sensitivity and colour vision) and DARC 3RD Year Data analyzing Writing up Expecting outcome Better evaluation of sensation in patients with glaucoma Better evaluation of Quality Of Life (QOL) Better evaluation of the most suitable method for early diagnostic and follow-up treatments in glaucoma Possible diagnostic and follow-up applications of the selected methods for other neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer and Parkinson References Barbur JL, Konstantakopoulou E (2012) Changes in color vision with decreasing light level: separating the effects of normal aging from disease. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 29:A27–A35 Bizrah, M., S. C. Dakin, L. Guo, F. Rahman, M. Parnell, E. Normando, S. Nizari, B. Davis, A. Younis, and M. F. Cordeiro, 2014, A semi-automated technique for labeling and counting of apoptosing retinal cells: BMC Bioinformatics, v. 15, p. 169. Cordeiro, M. F., L. Guo, K. M. Coxon, J. Duggan, S. Nizari, E. M. Normando, S. L. Sensi, A. M. Sillito, F. W. Fitzke, T. E. Salt, and S. E. Moss, 2010, Imaging multiple phases of neurodegeneration: a novel approach to assessing cell death in vivo: Cell Death Dis, v. 1, p. e3. Cordeiro, M. F., C. Migdal, P. Bloom, F. W. Fitzke, and S. E. Moss, 2011, Imaging apoptosis in the eye: Eye (Lond), v. 25, p. 545-53. Galvao, J., B. M. Davis, and M. F. Cordeiro, 2013, In vivo imaging of retinal ganglion cell apoptosis: Curr Opin Pharmacol, v. 13, p. 123-7. Guo, L., and M. F. Cordeiro, 2008, Assessment of neuroprotection in the retina with DARC: Prog Brain Res, v. 173, p. 437-50. Kass, M. A., D. K. Heuer, E. J. Higginbotham, C. A. Johnson, J. L. Keltner, J. P. Miller, R. K. Parrish, M. R. Wilson, and M. O. Gordon, 2002, The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma: Arch Ophthalmol, v. 120, p. 701-13; discussion 829-30. Lek, J. J., A. J. Vingrys, and A. M. McKendrick, 2014, Rapid contrast adaptation in glaucoma and in aging: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, v. 55, p. 3171-8. Normando, E. M., L. A. Turner, and M. F. Cordeiro, 2013, The potential of annexin-labelling for the diagnosis and follow-up of glaucoma: Cell Tissue Res, v. 353, p. 279-85. Rauscher, F. G., C. M. Chisholm, D. F. Edgar, and J. L. Barbur, 2013, Assessment of novel binocular colour, motion and contrast tests in glaucoma: Cell Tissue Res, v. 353, p. 297-310. Richman, J., G. L. Spaeth, and B. Wirostko, 2013, Contrast sensitivity basics and a critique of currently available tests: J Cataract Refract Surg, v. 39, p. 1100-6. Sommer, A., 1989, Intraocular pressure and glaucoma: Am J Ophthalmol, v. 107, p. 186-8. [E1]it looks too similar to the sentence in the article below. Could you please rephrase? http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/3294/1/Author version Edgar DF paper 1432-0878 15 03 14.pdf

Changing the Stereotypical View of Native Americans in the Movie, Dance

Changing the Stereotypical View of Native Americans in the Movie, Dances With Wolves The movie Dances With Wolves begins with John Dunbar in the medic tent awaiting his leg to be cut off because of an injury and the fear of it getting gangrene. He manages to keep it when the doctors say they are too tired to work on another patient. Dunbar then decides that he wants to keep his leg when he sees one of the other soldiers hobbling around. After leaving the tent, he found that there had been no push by either side in the battle they were in, so he decided to ride a horse right in front of enemy lines in an attempt to get it started and to die. He rode twice, but neither time got shot. When he arrived back at his home line, he was a hero and was granted the horse he rode and was permitted to go to any post he desired. Dunbar had always wanted to go west to see the frontier so he requested the farthest west post. In preparing to go on the trip, he found that a soldier going out there is to be an "Indian fighter." There was a wagon driver who was willing to take him out to the post, but he annoyed Dunbar. On the way out, they saw human skulls and demolished wagon, which put a little fear in Dunbar. On arriving, Dunbar found no one there. The wagon driver tried to convince him to go back with him but Dunbar refused saying that that was his post. They then unloaded the wagon and stocked the building with the supplies. Then, as the driver was going back home, he as attacked by some Indians and killed. Dunbar stayed at the post and did some repairs and explored the surrounding area. There was a wolf that came around now and then to watch which eventually became Dunbar's companion. During this time a few Indians visited him. A... ...he entire animal leaving no waste. Another is by showing how the white men treated each other and the Native Americans. How the whites would be cruel to the Native Americans just because that was who they were. The Sioux however, were not violent or cruel to Dunbar just because he was white, but were cautious and fearful of him at first. Once they got to know him, they were more open to him willing to accept him as their friend. This movie seemed to change allegiance from the white European Americans to the Native Americans rather successfully and effectively changing the stereotypical view of Native Americans by showing which group was actually the cruelest. It demonstrated it by showing which group was the invaders and which group was the invaded. It also demonstrated this by showing how each group lived and interacted with each other and those around them.